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Thomas Family Dentistry, 3705 E State St, Hermitage, Pa 16148

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Medical status

Stomatitis
Kwashiorkor 6180.jpg
An baby with stomatitis due to kwashiorkor and an accompanying Vitamin B deficiency.
Specialty Dermatology

Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips.[1] It refers to any inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of the rima oris and lips, with or without oral ulceration.[ii]

In its widest meaning, stomatitis tin can have a multitude of dissimilar causes and appearances. Common causes include infections, nutritional deficiencies, allergic reactions, radiotherapy, and many others.

When inflammation of the gums and the mouth generally presents itself, sometimes the term gingivostomatitis is used, though this is besides sometimes used as a synonym for herpetic gingivostomatitis.

The term is derived from the Greek stoma ( στόμα ), meaning "mouth", and the suffix -itis ( -ῖτις ), meaning "inflammation".

Causes [edit]

Nutritional deficiency [edit]

Malnutrition (improper dietary intake) or malabsorption (poor absorption of nutrients into the body) can lead to nutritional deficiency states, several of which can lead to stomatitis. For example, deficiencies of atomic number 26, vitamin B2 (riboflavin),[3] : 490 vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folic acid) or vitamin B12 (cobalamine) may all manifest as stomatitis. Iron is necessary for the upregulation of transcriptional elements for cell replication and repair. Lack of iron can crusade genetic downregulation of these elements, leading to ineffective repair and regeneration of epithelial cells, especially in the oral fissure and lips. Many disorders which cause malabsorption can cause deficiencies, which in plough causes stomatitis. Examples include tropical sprue.[3] : 49

Aphthous stomatitis [edit]

Aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) is the recurrent appearance of oral fissure ulcers in otherwise good for you individuals. The cause is non completely understood, but it is thought that the status represents a T prison cell mediated immune response which is triggered by a variety of factors. The individual ulcers (aphthae) recur periodically and heal completely, although in the more astringent forms, new ulcers may appear in other parts of the mouth before the old ones have finished healing. Aphthous stomatitis is i of the most mutual diseases of the oral mucosa, and is thought to affect about 20% of the full general population to some degree.[4] The symptoms range from a modest nuisance to beingness disabling in their impact on eating, swallowing, and talking, and the severe forms can cause people to lose weight. There is no cure for aphthous stomatitis,[5] and therapies are aimed at alleviating the hurting, reducing the inflammation and promoting healing of the ulcers, only at that place is little evidence of efficacy for any treatment that has been used.

Angular stomatitis [edit]

Inflammation of the corners (angles) of the lips is termed angular stomatitis or athwart cheilitis. In children a frequent cause is repeated lip-licking, and in adults it may be a sign of underlying iron deficiency anemia, or vitamin B deficiencies (eastward.g., B2-riboflavin, B9-folate, or B12-cobalamin, which in plough may be evidence of poor diets or malnutrition such as celiac affliction).

Also, angular cheilitis can be caused by a patient's jaws at rest existence 'overclosed' due to edentulousness or molar wear, causing the jaws to come up to rest closer together than if the consummate/unaffected dentition were present. This causes peel folds around the angle of the oral fissure which are kept moist by saliva, which in plough favours infection; more often than not by Candida albicans or similar species. Treatment usually involves the administration of topical nystatin or similar antifungal agents. Another treatment tin exist to correct the jaw relationship with dental handling (due east.g., dentures or occlusal adjustment).

[edit]

This is a common condition present in denture wearers. Information technology appears as reddened but painless mucosa below the denture. 90% of cases are associated with Candida species, and information technology is the most common class of oral candidiasis. Treatment is by antifungal medication and improved dental hygiene, such as not wearing the denture during sleep.

Allergic contact stomatitis [edit]

Allergic contact stomatitis (likewise termed "allergic gingivostomatitis" or "allergic contact gingivostomatitis")[6] is a type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in susceptible atopic individuals when allergens penetrate the skin or mucosa.[vii]

Allergens, which may be different for different individuals, combine with epithelial-derived proteins, forming haptens which bind with Langerhans cells in the mucosa, which in turn present the antigen on their surface to T lymphocytes, sensitizing them to that antigen and causing them to produce many specific clones. The second time that specific antigen is encountered, an inflammatory reaction is triggered at the site of exposure.[7] Allergic contact stomatitis is less common than allergic contact dermatitis because the oral cavity is coated in saliva, which washes away antigens and acts as a bulwark.[7] The oral mucosa is also more vascular (has a better claret supply) than skin, meaning that any antigens are more quickly removed from the area by the apportionment.[7] Finally, there is substantially less keratin in oral mucosa, meaning that in that location is less likelihood that haptens will grade.[7]

Allergic contact stomatitis appears as not-specific inflammation, and then it may be mistaken for chronic physical irritation.[7] There may be burning or soreness of the mouth and ulceration.[vii] Chronic exposure to the allergen may upshot in a lichenoid lesion.[seven] Plasma cell gingivitis may also occur, which may be accompanied past glossitis and cheilitis.[7]

Allergens that may cause allergic contact stomatitis in some individuals include cinnamaldehyde, Balsam of Peru, peppermint, mercury, aureate, pyrophosphates, zinc citrate, free acrylic monomer, nickel, fluoride, and sodium lauryl sulfate.[vii] [8] [9] [10] [xi] [12] [13] These allergens may originate from many sources, including various foods and drink, chewing gum, toothpaste, mouthwash, dental floss, dental fillings, dentures, orthodontic bands or wires, and many other sources.[7] If the substance containing the allergen comes into contact with the lips, allergic contact cheilitis tin can occur, together with allergic contact stomatitis.

The diagnosis is confirmed by patch examination, and management is by abstention of exposure to the allergen.[7]

Migratory stomatitis [edit]

Migratory stomatitis (or geographic stomatitis) is an atypical presentation of a condition which normally presents on the natural language, termed geographic tongue. Geographic tongue is so named considering there are atrophic, erythematous areas of depapillation that migrate over time, giving a map-similar appearance.

In migratory stomatitis, other mucosal sites in the mouth, such every bit the ventral surface (undersurface) of the tongue, buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, soft palate, or floor of oral fissure may be afflicted with identical lesions, normally in addition to the natural language.[14] Autonomously from not being restricted to the tongue, migratory stomatitis is an identical condition in every regard to geographic natural language. Some other synonym for geographic natural language which uses the term stomatitis is "stomatitis areata migrans".

Herpetic gingivostomatitis [edit]

Herpetic stomatitis (herpetic gingivostomatitis)

This is inflammation of the oral cavity acquired by herpes simplex virus.

Irradiation and chemotherapy [edit]

Stomatitis may also exist caused past chemotherapy, or radiation therapy of the oropharyngeal surface area.[fifteen] The term mucositis is sometimes used synonymously with stomatitis, however the former usually refers to mucosal reactions to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and may occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract and not merely in the rima oris.[sixteen]

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis [edit]

The term necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis is sometimes used as a synonym of the necrotizing periodontal affliction more commonly termed necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, or a more astringent form (besides termed necrotizing stomatitis). The term necrotizing gingivostomatitis is likewise sometimes used.[17]

Stomatitis nicotina [edit]

Also called smoker'southward palatal keratosis,[18] : 176 this status may occur in smokers, especially pipe smokers. The palate appears dry and cracked, and white from keratosis. The minor salivary glands appear as small, red and swollen bumps. It is not a premalignant condition, and the appearance reverses if the smoking is stopped.[18] : 176

Chronic ulcerative stomatitis [edit]

Chronic ulcerative stomatitis is a status with specific immunopathologic features, which was first described in 1990.[nineteen] It is characterized by erosions and ulcerations which relapse and remit. Lesions are located on the buccal mucosa (within of the cheeks) or on the gingiva (gums).[20] [21] The status resembles oral lichen planus when biopsied.

The diagnosis is made by microscopic exam of biopsy tissue: directly immunofluorescence can reveal the presence of antinuclear antibodies specifically directed against the ΔNp63α form of the p63 protein, which is usually expressed inside the basal layer of stratified epithelium.[nineteen] Treatment with hydroxychloroquine tin can be effective.[19]

Plasma jail cell gingivostomatitis [edit]

Terms such as plasma jail cell gingivostomatitis,[22] atypical gingivostomatitis and idiopathic gingivostomatitis [23] [24] are sometimes a synonym for plasma cell gingivitis, or specifically to refer to a severe form of plasma cell gingivitis.

Other forms of stomatitis [edit]

  • Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome—occurs in children.
  • Uremic stomatitis—a rare class of stomatitis that occurs with kidney failure.[25]
  • Pyostomatitis vegetans
  • Bovine papular stomatitis

References [edit]

  1. ^ Zaoutis, [edited past] Jeffrey G. Bergelson, Samir S. Shah, Theoklis E. (2008). Pediatric infectious diseases. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. ISBN9780323076333.
  2. ^ Michael Thou. Stewart, Samuel Selesnick (editors) (2010-10-04). "35". Differential diagnosis in otolaryngology – head and neck surgery. New York: Thieme. ISBN9781604062793.
  3. ^ a b Yamada T, Alpers DH, et al. (2009). Textbook of gastroenterology (fifth ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. ISBN978-i-4051-6911-0.
  4. ^ Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2d ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 253–284. ISBN978-0721690032.
  5. ^ Brocklehurst, P; Tickle, Thousand; Glenny, AM; Lewis, MA; Pemberton, MN; Taylor, J; Walsh, T; Riley, P; Yates, JM (Sep 12, 2012). Brocklehurst, Paul (ed.). "Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (oral cavity ulcers)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (ix): CD005411. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005411.pub2. PMID 22972085.
  6. ^ Kanerva, Fifty.; Alanko, K.; Estlander, T. (1 Dec 1999). "Allergic contact gingivostomatitis from a temporary crown made of methacrylates and epoxy diacrylates". Allergy. 54 (12): 1316–1321. doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00074.x. PMID 10688437. S2CID 11805635.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k fifty Greenberg MS, Glick 1000 (2003). Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment (10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 60, 61. ISBN978-1550091861.
  8. ^ Gottfried Schmalz; Dorthe Arenholt Bindslev (2008). Biocompatibility of Dental Materials. Springer. ISBN9783540777823 . Retrieved March five, 2014.
  9. ^ Thomas P. Habif (2009). Clinical Dermatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN978-0323080378 . Retrieved March half dozen, 2014.
  10. ^ Edward T. Bope; Rick D. Kellerman (2013). Conn's Current Therapy 2014: Expert Consult. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN9780323225724 . Retrieved March six, 2014.
  11. ^ "Balsam of Republic of peru contact allergy". Dermnetnz.org. December 28, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
  12. ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Peel: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 63. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
  13. ^ J. J. Shea, G.D., F.A.C.A., S. Chiliad. Gillespie, 1000.D., Thousand. L. Waldbott, Chiliad.D. Allergy to Fluoride. Annals of Allergy, Volume 25, July, 1967
  14. ^ Treister NS, Bruch JM (2010). Clinical oral medicine and pathology . New York: Humana Press. pp. xx, 21. ISBN978-1-60327-519-4.
  15. ^ Berger, Ann 1000.; Shuster, John L.; von Roenn, Jamie H. (2007). Principles and Practice of Palliative Care and Supportive Oncology. ISBN9780781795951 . Retrieved 2014-03-20 .
  16. ^ Zeppetella, Giovambattista (2012-06-14). Palliative care in clinical exercise. London: Springer. p. 132. ISBN9781447128434.
  17. ^ Horning, GM (Oct 1996). "Necotizing gingivostomatitis: NUG to noma". Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry. 17 (ten): 951–four, 956, 957–8 passim, quiz 964. PMID 9533316.
  18. ^ a b Coulthard P, Horner Thou, Sloan P, Theaker E (2008). Master dentistry volume 1, oral and maxillofacial surgery, radiology, pathology and oral medicine (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN9780443068966.
  19. ^ a b c Azzi L, Cerati M, Lombardo M, et al. (2019). "Chronic ulcerative stomatitis: A comprehensive review and proposal for diagnostic criteria" (PDF). Oral Diseases. 25 (6): 1465–1491. doi:10.1111/odi.13001. PMID 30457193. S2CID 53872327.
  20. ^ Scully, Crispian (2008). Oral and maxillofacial medicine: the footing of diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN9780443068188.
  21. ^ Fourie J, van Heerden WF, McEachen SC, van Zyl A (April 2011). "Chronic ulcerative stomatitis: a distinct clinical entity?". S African Dental Journal. 66 (3): 119–21. PMID 21874892.
  22. ^ Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 141, 142. ISBN978-0721690032.
  23. ^ Janam, P; Nayar, BR; Mohan, R; Suchitra, A (January 2012). "Plasma jail cell gingivitis associated with cheilitis: A diagnostic dilemma!". Periodical of Indian Society of Periodontology. 16 (ane): 115–9. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.94618. PMC3357019. PMID 22628976.
  24. ^ Kerr, DA; McClatchey, KD; Regezi, JA (September 1971). "Idiopathic gingivostomatitis. Cheilitis, glossitis, gingivitis syndrome; atypical gingivostomatitis, plasma-prison cell gingivitis, plasmacytosis of gingiva". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology. 32 (3): 402–23. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(71)90201-5. PMID 5285187.
  25. ^ Laskaris, George (2006). Pocket atlas of oral diseases (2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Thieme. p. 12. ISBN9781588902498.

External links [edit]

moraleswiled1999.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatitis

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